@article {936831,
	title = {Stratospheric Solar Geoengineering without Ozone Loss},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {<p>
	Injecting sulfate aerosol into the stratosphere, the most frequently analyzed proposal for solar geoengineering, may reduce some climate risks, but it would also entail new risks, including ozone loss and heating of the lower tropical stratosphere, which, in turn, would increase water vapor concentration causing additional ozone loss and surface warming. We propose a method for stratospheric aerosol climate modification that uses a solid aerosol composed of alkaline metal salts that will convert hydrogen halides and nitric and sulfuric acids into stable salts to enable stratospheric geoengineering while reducing or reversing ozone depletion. Rather than minimizing reactive effects by reducing surface area using high refractive index materials, this method tailors the chemical reactivity. Specifically, we calculate that injection of calcite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) aerosol particles might reduce net radiative forcing while simultaneously increasing column ozone toward its preanthropogenic baseline. A radiative forcing of -1 W.m<sup>-2</sup>, for example, might be achieved with a simultaneous 3.8\% increase in column ozone using 2.1 Tg.y<sup>-1</sup> of 275-nm radius calcite aerosol. Moreover, the radiative heating of the lower stratosphere would be roughly 10-fold less than if that same radiative forcing had been produced using sulfate aerosol. Although solar geoengineering cannot substitute for emissions cuts, it may supplement them by reducing some of the risks of climate change. Further research on this and similar methods could lead to reductions in risks and improved efficacy of solar geoengineering methods.
</p>
},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/113/52/14910.full},
	author = {David Keith and Debra Weisenstein and John Dykema and Frank Keutsch}
}
